Understanding Depth-of-field
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Classic landscapes such as this one require extensive depth of field .
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In landscape photography, depth-of-field is a critical component of every image. Some photos require minimum depth-of-field to place more emphasis on a single element of the scene. Classic landscape shots have extensive depth-of-field to provide front-to-back sharpness. Since depth-of-field is so important to landscape images, we’ll address several questions, such as what is it, how do I control it, how do I know if I have enough, and can I estimate depth-of-field when in doubt?
Many photographers labor under the misconception that depth-of-field refers to a specific zone of some size that’s sharp throughout its range. It’s important to understand that the only point in a scene that is tack sharp is the actual point of focus. Everything else in the scene is out of focus to some degree. In that case, what is depth-of-field?
Depth-of-field is the zone of acceptable sharpness in the image. It’s a portion of the image in which all of the elements appear to be in focus. There are no sharp lines indicating the beginning or end of this zone. Instead, there’s a gradual fading in and out of the zone. It’s not centered on the point of focus. Approximately one-third of the size of the zone lies in front of the point of focus; the remainder falls behind. The extent of the zone is determined by several controls available to the photographer.
We can predict that a shutter speed of 1/4th of a second will provide a blur when you’re photographing a waterfall, and a shutter speed of 1/200th of a second will freeze the droplets of water. Depth-of-field isn’t that easy. Shutter speed is simple to predict, because there is only one factor involved. Predicting depth-of-field is more difficult because there are three factors. Many people believe that if you use an f-stop such as f16, you will get all the depth-of-field you might need. In some cases, that may be true. In other cases, the depth-of-field provided will either be excessive or insufficient. Let’s work under the concept that we should have only the amount of depth-of-field required to render the scene according to our interpretation. Both more and less depth-of-field than required can have a negative effects.
The photographer has three camera controls to determine the depth-of-field in an image. The most commonly known control is the f-stop. Before discussing this aspect, let’s clarify two terms that are used interchangeably: “f-stop” and “aperture.” “Aperture” refers to the physical opening of the lens. “F-stop” is a relationship between the aperture and the focal length of the lens. If we didn’t have the f-stop relationship, we couldn’t have photography. An f-stop of f8 means that the same amount of light will strike the film plane no matter whether you’re using a 20mm lens or a 600mm lens. Compare the diameter of a 20mm lens with the diameter of a 600mm lens, and you’ll understand why the f-stop relationship is necessary.
Just considering the f-stop, a smaller f-stop number (e.g. f2.8 or f4) provides little depth-of-field in the scene; a larger f-stop number (e.g. f16 or f22) provides a lot of depth-of-field in the scene. Many photographers don’t go further than f-stop when considering depth-of-field. They don’t realize that the depth-of-field provided by the f-stop is either a lot or a little in relationship with the other two controlling factors.
Use of a telephoto lens, as in this photo, results in a shallow depth of field that helps separate the subject from the background. |
The second control over depth-of-field is the focal length of the lens. Just considering the focal length of the lens, a smaller focal length provides greater depth-of-field; a longer focal length provides less depth-of-field. If you’re using a 20mm lens, you’ll have more depth-of-field at any given f-stop than you would with a 600mm lens at the same f-stop. This is a “rule” of photography that you should remember. There is only one exception to this rule. If you were very close to your subject with a 20mm lens and filled the frame, you would have the same depth-of-field as with a 600mm lens if you were much farther away and the subject was the same size in the viewfinder.
Please note that the discussion of depth-of-field with f-stop and focal length considered only one of the factors to show how they work independently. However, they’re interdependent when you’re in the field shooting. Let’s use an example of shooting a field of flowers with a 20mm lens. If we just consider f-stop, we might use f16, since we know a high f-stop number provides a lot of depth-of-field. However, we get “extra” depth-of-field because we’re using a 20mm lens. We might find that f8 or f11 provides enough depth-of-field to shoot the scene the way we want it. (We’ll discuss how to determine if you have enough depth-of-field later.) If that’s the case, then we have “excessive” depth-of-field—more than we need. The downside is that the extra stop or two of depth-of-field at f16 versus f8 or f11 means that the shutter speed is a stop or two slower. That might be enough to cause blur in a breeze.
Let’s go to the other extreme of using a 600mm lens to isolate a portion of the field of flowers. Again, we might select f16, because a high f-stop number should provide a lot of depth-of-field. However, the term “high” is relational. A 600mm lens might have an f-stop range of f5.6 to f45. In that case, f16 is not a “high” f-stop number. Since it’s not at the high range of the available f-stops and you “lose” depth-of-field with a telephoto lens, a choice of f16 would probably not provide the results (sharp front to back) that you desire.
The final control available to the photographer, and the one most commonly missed, is camera-subject distance. Just considering camera-subject distance, you’ll have less depth-of-field when you’re close to your subject than when your subject is farther away. This is apparent to macro photographers. As you move closer to your subject and the magnification increases, depth-of-field falls off rapidly. At very high magnifications, depth-of-field might be 1/16th of an inch. When you’re shooting star trails, you can use any f-stop and get sharp images, because all the stars are far way at the same plane of focus (infinity). In this case, you select the f-stop only to determine how long to have your exposure. A longer exposure gives a more complete star trail circle if you’re shooting directly north or south.
In the image on the left, I used a 400mm lens set at f16. My subject was on a hill just off the highway. I was able to move very close and fill the frame. My f16 setting allowed me to achieve good focus on my subject and still blow out the background grasses and trees. All of my depth-of-field controls indicated shallow depth-of-field. My f-stop number was not a high number for the lens; a 400mm lens gives shallow depth-of-field; I was close to my subject. Having a shallow depth-of-field enabled me to hand-hold the shot (with image stabilization) since I was standing on the edge of a roadway (please note that I had a companion on guard farther along the road to warn me about on-coming traffic).
During one of my workshops, a photographer wanted to shoot a 4-inch Indian paintbrush flower as a foreground subject with a lake and mountain in the background. He was lying on the ground with a 15mm lens. What f-stop did he need? He was using an ultra wide-angle lens (lots of depth-of-field), but the flower was close to the camera. We decided that f11 was the best choice due to the proximity of the flower. It also provided a shutter speed fast enough to freeze any movement. In this particular example, the photographer focused just behind the flower so that the one-third of the depth-of-field that falls in front of the point of focus would cover the flower. If the photographer focused on the flower, about one-third of the depth-of-field would be “wasted,” because it would fall in front of the flower.
How did we know that f11 was the correct selection? There are several methods of determining if you have enough depth-of-field for your image. The most common method is using the camera’s depth-of-field preview. (For an explanation of this feature, see my article “Depth-of-field Preview-Friend or Foe?” Apogee, January 2005). Most cameras manufactured in the last five years have a depth-of-field preview. However, if your camera doesn’t have this feature, you have other methods at your disposal.
1) Manual cameras have excellent distance scales built into the outside of the lens. They indicate the range of acceptable focus for a selected f-stop. As long as the elements are within that range, they’ll appear in focus in the final image.
2) Canon has two depth-of-field modes, Dep and A-Dep, for their cameras. They help ensure that the elements of your scene are in focus.
3) Another way of gaining maximum depth-of-field is by using hyperfocal distance. The hyperfocal distance is a point of focus in which everything will be in focus from halfway between that point and the camera and infinity. The exact size of the range of focus depends upon the f-stop and focal length of the lens. (The use of hyperfocal distance will be the topic of another article.)